When it comes to 3D printing, choosing the right filament material is crucial for the success of your projects. PLA and ABS are two of the most popular options available, each with its own unique properties and advantages. In this article, we will compare PLA and ABS 3D printing in detail, helping you make an informed decision for your next printing venture.
Firstly, let’s delve into the characteristics of PLA. Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a biodegradable thermoplastic derived from renewable resources like cornstarch or sugarcane. PLA is known for its ease of use, making it a great choice for beginners. It has a lower printing temperature compared to ABS, which means it requires less energy to melt and print. PLA also has a pleasant, slightly sweet smell during printing, unlike the potentially noxious fumes emitted by ABS.
On the other hand, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is a widely used thermoplastic known for its strength and durability. ABS is a petroleum-based filament that can withstand higher temperatures and is more resistant to impact. It is a common choice for functional parts, such as prototypes, automotive components, or household appliances. However, ABS requires a higher printing temperature, which may limit its compatibility with some 3D printers.
Printability
When it comes to printability, both PLA and ABS have their own characteristics to consider. PLA is generally easier to print with due to its lower printing temperature and minimal warping. It adheres well to the print bed and has good interlayer adhesion, resulting in a smoother surface finish. This makes PLA a great choice for intricate and detailed prints. ABS, on the other hand, can be more challenging to print with. It has a higher printing temperature, which may require a heated print bed and an enclosed chamber to prevent warping and cracking. ABS also has a tendency to shrink more than PLA during cooling, which can lead to dislodged prints or warping. However, with proper printer calibration and settings, ABS can still produce high-quality prints.
Adhesion and Warping
Adhesion to the print bed is an important factor to consider when comparing PLA and ABS. PLA has excellent adhesion properties, sticking well to a variety of print bed surfaces, including glass, painter’s tape, or specialized bed adhesives. This makes it easier to achieve successful prints without the need for additional adhesion aids. In contrast, ABS may require additional measures to ensure proper adhesion. The use of a heated print bed is often necessary to prevent the first layer from cooling too quickly and detaching from the bed. Additionally, applying a thin layer of adhesive, such as ABS-specific glue or hairspray, can further enhance adhesion for ABS prints.
Printing Temperature
Another aspect to consider is the printing temperature. PLA has a lower printing temperature compared to ABS, typically ranging from 180°C to 220°C. This lower temperature requirement means that PLA requires less energy to melt and print, making it more energy-efficient. It also allows for faster heating and cooling cycles, resulting in quicker print times. ABS, on the other hand, requires a higher printing temperature ranging from 220°C to 250°C. This higher temperature is necessary for ABS to reach its melting point and flow properly. However, it also means that more energy is required for printing, and the printer may take longer to reach and maintain the desired temperature. It’s important to ensure that your 3D printer is capable of reaching and maintaining the required temperature for the chosen filament.
Printing Speed
When it comes to printing speed, PLA tends to have an advantage over ABS. Due to its lower printing temperature and faster heating and cooling cycles, PLA can be printed at higher speeds without sacrificing print quality. This makes PLA a good choice for projects that require fast turnaround times or for those who prioritize speed over other factors. ABS, on the other hand, may require slower printing speeds to ensure proper layer adhesion and minimize the risk of warping or delamination. Slower printing speeds can also help reduce the chance of overheating and improve the overall print quality. It’s important to find the right balance between speed and quality for your specific project.
Strength and Durability
When it comes to strength and durability, ABS has the upper hand over PLA. ABS is known for its superior mechanical properties, including higher impact resistance and tensile strength. It can withstand more stress and strain without deforming or breaking, making it ideal for functional parts that require strength and durability. ABS is commonly used in automotive components, electronic enclosures, or mechanical prototypes. PLA, although not as strong as ABS, still offers sufficient strength for many non-functional prototypes and artistic creations. It can withstand moderate stress and is suitable for applications that do not require high mechanical strength.
Tensile Strength
Tensile strength refers to a material’s ability to withstand stretching or pulling forces without breaking. ABS generally has a higher tensile strength compared to PLA. The tensile strength of ABS can range from 30 MPa to 60 MPa, depending on the specific formulation and manufacturer. This makes ABS better suited for applications that require parts to withstand high loads or forces. PLA, on the other hand, typically has a lower tensile strength ranging from 20 MPa to 50 MPa. While PLA may not be as strong as ABS, it still offers sufficient strength for many everyday applications.
Impact Resistance
Impact resistance is another important factor to consider, especially for parts that may undergo sudden impacts or shocks. ABS has excellent impact resistance, which means it can absorb and distribute energy when subjected to sudden loads. This makes ABS a suitable choice for parts that need to withstand accidental drops, collisions, or other high-impact situations. PLA, although not as impact-resistant as ABS, still offers a certain degree of impact resistance. However, it may be more prone to cracking or breaking when subjected to significant forces. It’s important to consider the specific requirements of your project and choose the filament that best suits your needs.
Heat Resistance
Heat resistance is a crucial consideration for applications that involve exposure to high temperatures or heat sources. ABS has a higher heat resistance compared to PLA. ABS can withstand temperatures up to 80°C to 100°C without deforming or melting. This makes it suitable for applications that require parts to function in hot environments or come into contact with hot objects. PLA, on the other hand, has a lower heat resistance and can start to soften and deform around 50°C to 60°C. This limits its suitability for high-temperature applications. It’s important to assess the specific temperature requirements of your project and choose the filament accordingly.
Flexibility and Brittleness
Flexibility and brittleness are important factors to consider, especially for parts that may undergo bending, twisting, or other forms of deformation. PLA and ABS have different levels of flexibility and brittleness, which can impact their suitability for specific applications.
Flexibility
ABS is generally more flexible compared to PLA. It has a certain degree of elasticity and can withstand bending or twisting without breaking. This makes ABS a good choice for parts that require some degree of flexibility or resilience. PLA, on the other hand, tends to be more rigid and less flexible. It can be more prone to breaking or cracking when subjected to significant bending or twisting forces. While the rigidity of PLA can be advantageous for certain applications, it may also lead to increased fragility in parts that require flexibility.
Brittleness
Brittleness is the tendency of a material to fracture or break without significant deformation when subjected to stress. PLA is generally more brittle compared to ABS. It has a higher tendency to break or shatter when subjected to sudden impacts or excessive forces. This brittleness can be advantageous for applications that require precise and detailed prints, as PLA can produce crisp and well-defined edges. However, it may limit its suitability for parts that need to withstand significant forces or impacts. ABS, on the other hand, has a higher level of toughness and can absorb more energy before fracturing. This makes it a better choice for parts that require higher durability and impact resistance.
Environmental Impact
Considering the environmental impact of 3D printing materials is becoming increasingly important. Both PLA and ABS have different characteristics when it comes to their environmental impact.
Biodegradability
PLA is a biodegradable material, which means it can break down naturally over time. It is derived from renewable resources like cornstarch or sugarcane, making it a more environmentally friendly choice compared to ABS. PLA can be composted in industrial composting facilities, reducing its impact on landfill waste. However, it’s important to note that PLA may take a long time to completely biodegrade in home composting conditions. ABS, being a petroleum-based filament, is not biodegradable. It does not break down naturally and can contribute to long-lasting landfill waste. However, ABS can be recycled, which helps mitigate its environmental impact to some extent. Many recycling facilities accept ABS and can process it into new filament or other plastic products.
Carbon Footprint
When considering the carbon footprint of 3D printing materials, PLA generally has a lower carbon footprint compared to ABS. PLA is derived from renewable resources and requires less energy to produce comparedto ABS. The production of PLA emits fewer greenhouse gases compared to the production of ABS, which is derived from non-renewable petroleum sources. Additionally, PLA’s lower printing temperature means it requires less energy during the printing process, further reducing its overall carbon footprint. ABS, on the other hand, requires higher temperatures for printing, resulting in higher energy consumption. However, it’s worth noting that the carbon footprint of each filament can vary depending on the specific manufacturing processes and energy sources used. It’s always a good practice to choose filaments from reputable manufacturers that prioritize sustainability and environmentally friendly practices.
Post-Processing
Post-processing refers to the steps taken after the printing process to enhance the appearance or functionality of the printed object. PLA and ABS have different characteristics when it comes to post-processing options and techniques.
Sanding and Finishing
PLA is generally easier to post-process compared to ABS. It is softer and easier to sand, allowing for smoother finishing touches. PLA prints can be sanded using sandpaper or sanding blocks to remove layer lines, imperfections, or support marks. Once sanded, PLA can be painted, coated, or polished to achieve a desired finish. ABS, on the other hand, requires more meticulous sanding due to its higher hardness. ABS prints can be sanded using finer grit sandpaper, and additional steps such as priming or filling may be required to achieve a smooth surface. ABS can also be acetone smoothed, which involves exposing the printed object to acetone vapor to dissolve the outer layer and create a smoother finish. However, acetone smoothing requires caution and proper ventilation due to the potentially harmful fumes emitted by acetone.
Gluing and Bonding
When it comes to gluing or bonding printed parts together, ABS has an advantage over PLA. ABS can be easily bonded using acetone as a solvent. Applying a small amount of acetone to the mating surfaces of ABS parts causes the plastic to soften and fuse together, creating a strong bond. This solvent bonding technique allows for seamless joining of ABS parts and is commonly used in applications where airtightness or water resistance is required. PLA, on the other hand, does not bond well with acetone. Gluing PLA parts together typically requires the use of specialized adhesives designed for PLA, such as cyanoacrylate (super glue) or epoxy-based adhesives. It’s important to choose the appropriate adhesive for the filament material to ensure a strong and durable bond.
Painting and Coating
Both PLA and ABS can be painted or coated to enhance their appearance or provide additional protection. PLA’s lower printing temperature and smoother surface finish make it easier to paint. PLA prints can be painted using various types of paints, including acrylic, enamel, or spray paints. The smooth surface of PLA allows for better paint adhesion and results in a more uniform finish. ABS, on the other hand, may require additional surface preparation before painting. Due to its higher printing temperature and potential layer lines, ABS prints may require sanding, priming, or filling before painting to achieve a smooth and even surface. Once prepared, ABS can be painted using the same types of paints as PLA. Additionally, both PLA and ABS can be coated with clear protective coatings to add gloss or enhance their resistance to moisture, UV radiation, or chemicals.
Cost
Cost is an important factor to consider when choosing between PLA and ABS filaments, especially for large or frequent printing projects. PLA is generally more affordable compared to ABS, making it a popular choice for both beginners and professionals. The lower cost of PLA can be attributed to its renewable sources and easier production process. PLA filaments are widely available from various manufacturers and suppliers, which promotes competition and keeps the prices competitive. ABS, on the other hand, tends to be slightly more expensive compared to PLA. Its petroleum-based composition and more complex production process contribute to the higher cost. However, it’s worth noting that the cost of both PLA and ABS filaments can vary depending on the brand, quality, and specific characteristics of the filament, such as color, diameter, or specialty variations.
Applications
PLA and ABS have different characteristics that make them suitable for various applications and projects. Understanding their strengths and limitations can help you choose the filament that best suits your specific needs.
PLA Applications
PLA is commonly used for non-functional prototypes, artistic creations, and educational models. Its ease of use, lower printing temperature, and aesthetic appeal make it a popular choice for hobbyists, educators, and those who prioritize visual aesthetics. PLA’s ability to produce precise and detailed prints makes it suitable for architectural models, figurines, jewelry, or intricate decorative pieces. PLA’s biodegradability also makes it a preferred choice for environmentally conscious projects or designs that require temporary or disposable parts.
ABS Applications
ABS is widely used for functional parts that require strength, durability, and resistance to impact. Its higher tensile strength, impact resistance, and heat resistance make it suitable for applications such as automotive components, electronic enclosures, mechanical prototypes, or tools. ABS’s flexibility and solvent bonding properties also make it a preferred choice for projects that require parts to be assembled or joined together. ABS’s ability to withstand higher temperatures without deforming or melting also makes it suitable for parts that need to function in hot environments or come into contact with hot objects.
Compatibility with 3D Printers
When choosing between PLA and ABS, it’s important to consider the compatibility of the filament with your 3D printer. While most 3D printers can handle both PLA and ABS, there are some factors to keep in mind.
PLA Compatibility
PLA is compatible with most 3D printers, including those with open or enclosed build chambers. Its lower printing temperature and minimal printing requirements make it suitable for a wide range of printers. PLA can be printed on printers with both heated and non-heated print beds. However, using a heated print bed can help improve the adhesion of PLA to the bed and reduce the risk of warping. The use of an enclosed build chamber is not necessary for PLA printing, but it can help maintain a stable printing environment and minimize the impact of external factors, such as drafts or temperature fluctuations.
ABS Compatibility
ABS, on the other hand, may have more specific printer requirements. ABS requires higher printing temperatures and often benefits from a heated print bed to prevent warping and improve adhesion. Many printers designed for ABS printing have heated build chambers or enclosed build spaces to maintain a stable and controlled printing environment. The heated environment helps prevent rapid cooling and enables better layer adhesion, reducing the risk of warping or cracking. It’s important to check the specifications and recommendations of your 3D printer to ensure its compatibility and suitability for printing ABS.
Safety Considerations
When it comes to safety, both PLA and ABS have specific considerations that should be taken into account during printing.
PLA Safety
PLA is generally considered safer to use compared to ABS. PLA filament emits a sweet smell during printing, which is not harmful. It is non-toxic and does not release potentially harmful fumes or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when melted. PLA is a preferred choice for environments where ventilation may be limited or where there are concerns about the potential health risks associated with fume emissions. However, it’s still a good practice to ensure proper ventilation in the printing area to minimize exposure to any airborne particles or odors.
ABS Safety
ABS, on the other hand, can emit potentially toxic fumes during the printing process. When ABS is heated, it releases styrene, a volatile organic compound. Prolonged exposure to styrene fumes may cause irritation to the respiratory system, eyes, or skin. It’s important to ensure proper ventilation when printing with ABS. Operating the printer in a well-ventilated area or using a fume hood can help mitigate the risks associated with styrene emissions. Alternatively, using an enclosed printer with built-in ventilation or filtration systems can help contain and filter out the fumes.
Availability and Color Options
Both PLA and ABS filaments are widely available and come in a variety of colors and finishes. The availability of colors and finishes may vary depending on the brand or manufacturer.
PLA Color Options
PLA offers a wide range of color options, including solid colors, translucent variations, and metallic finishes. This variety makes PLA suitable for projects that require visually appealing prints or specific color requirements. The translucent variations of PLA can create unique visual effects when light passes through the printed object. Metallic PLA filaments contain metallic particles that give the printed object a metallic appearance, mimicking the look of metal. These color options make PLA a versatile choice for creative and decorative projects.
ABS Color Options
ABS also comes in various colors, although the color options may be slightly more limited compared to PLA. Solid colors are the most common and readily available for ABS. While ABS may not offer as diverse a range of colors as PLA, it still provides a decent selection to choose from. Additionally, ABS prints can be easily painted or coated to achieve the desired color or finish.
In conclusion, PLA and ABS are both popular choices for 3D printing projects, each with its own set of advantages and considerations. PLA is user-friendly, environmentally friendly, and great for non-functionalprints, while ABS offers superior strength, durability, and heat resistance for functional parts. When deciding between PLA and ABS, it’s important to consider factors such as printability, strength, flexibility, environmental impact, post-processing requirements, cost, and specific application needs.
PLA is generally easier to print with due to its lower printing temperature and minimal warping. It has excellent adhesion properties, sticking well to a variety of print bed surfaces. PLA also allows for faster printing speeds and requires less energy to melt and print. While it may not be as strong as ABS, PLA still offers sufficient strength for many non-functional prints. It is a biodegradable material derived from renewable resources, making it a more environmentally friendly choice.
ABS, on the other hand, may present some challenges during printing. It requires higher printing temperatures and may require a heated print bed and enclosed chamber to prevent warping and cracking. ABS has superior strength and durability compared to PLA, making it suitable for functional parts that need to withstand stress or impact. It also offers better heat resistance, allowing it to withstand higher temperatures without deforming. However, ABS is not biodegradable and has a higher carbon footprint compared to PLA.
Depending on your project requirements, you may need to consider post-processing options. PLA is easier to post-process, as it can be sanded, painted, or glued more effortlessly. ABS, on the other hand, requires more meticulous sanding and may require specific adhesives or solvents for bonding or smoothing the surface. Consider the desired finish and any additional steps required for post-processing when choosing between PLA and ABS.
Cost is another factor to consider, especially for larger or frequent printing projects. PLA is generally more affordable compared to ABS, making it a cost-effective choice. PLA filaments are widely available at competitive prices, making it accessible for both beginners and professionals. ABS filaments, due to their petroleum-based composition, can be slightly more expensive.
The specific application and intended use of your prints should also guide your decision. PLA is commonly used for non-functional prototypes, artistic creations, and educational models. Its ease of use, aesthetic appeal, and biodegradability make it suitable for a wide range of projects. ABS is often chosen for functional parts that require strength, durability, and heat resistance. It is commonly used in automotive components, electronic enclosures, or mechanical prototypes.
Consider the compatibility of the filament with your 3D printer. PLA is generally compatible with most printers due to its lower printing temperature and minimal requirements. ABS, on the other hand, may require a printer with a heated print bed and enclosed chamber for optimal results. Ensure that your printer can reach and maintain the necessary temperatures for the chosen filament.
Lastly, it’s important to prioritize safety during the printing process. PLA is considered safer to use compared to ABS, as it does not emit potentially harmful fumes during printing. ABS, on the other hand, emits styrene fumes that may cause irritation. Proper ventilation or the use of an enclosed printer can help mitigate any health risks associated with ABS printing.
In conclusion, the choice between PLA and ABS for your 3D printing projects depends on your specific requirements and preferences. PLA offers ease of use, environmental friendliness, and is suitable for non-functional prints. ABS provides superior strength, durability, and heat resistance, making it a good choice for functional parts. Consider factors such as printability, strength, flexibility, environmental impact, post-processing requirements, cost, and application needs to determine the filament that best suits your project. Happy printing!